Optimization of nitrogen removal and microbial communities in biofloc systems via carbon-to-nitrogen ratio regulation and Candida utilis

Biofloc-based systems provide a sustainable strategy for nitrogen management in intensive aquaculture, but their efficiency depends strongly on carbon availability and microbial community regulation. In this study, we evaluated the combined effects of carbon-to-nitrogen (C: N) ratio regulation and Candida utilis supplementation on nitrogen removal and microbial community dynamics in a biofloc-based Chinese soft-shelled turtle culture system. Three C: N ratios (10, 15, and 20) were established us