Dual-promoter control of gene expression: from transcriptional fine-tuning to antibiotic resistance

The first and arguably most critical level of gene expression is transcription of the genetic information from DNA into RNA. Within this process, transcription initiation stands out as the key step that influences all downstream events. Central to initiation are promoters, DNA sequences that interact with the key enzyme of transcription, RNA polymerase. A single transcription unit may be controlled by one or multiple promoters, a strategy found across all domains of life. This review highlights