Differential effects of atorvastatin on calcification in stromal and vascular cells within monolayer and 3D plaque cap models

Statins are widely prescribed to those with atherosclerosis to lower cholesterol and reduce cardiovascular risk, but their influence on plaque calcification remains unclear. While clinical data associate statin use with increased calcium scores and reduced cardiovascular events, their effect on rupture-prone microcalcifications has not been clinically assessed due to imaging limitations. In vitro studies report conflicting outcomes on statin-induced calcification in various cell types. To addres