Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance Hordeum jubatum adaptation to nitrogen deposition and cold stress by regulating plant physiology, metabolism, and the rhizosphere soil environment

• Nitrogen deposition increased the sensitivity of Hordeum jubatum to cold stress. • AMF enhanced nitrogen deposition and cold stress tolerance of H. jubatum. • AMF colonization primarily enhances the adaptability of H. jubatum to nitrogen deposition and cold stress by promoting root organic acids and carbohydrate metabolism. • AMF colonization effectively improved the rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities of H. jubatum under nitrogen deposition and cold stress. In na