Nutrient stability and growth performance of pre-weaning goats fed Napier grass–based total mixed ration in mash and pellet forms

Abstract Goat production is important for food security and rural incomes, but feed shortages and poor ration quality continue to limit the growth of Malaysia’s dairy goat industry. This study examined the stability and feeding value of Napier grass–based total mixed ration (TMR) prepared as mash and pellets for pre-weaning Saanen kids. Formulations included Napier grass, copra cake, soybean meal, soyhull, rice bran, molasses, and minerals. Proximate composition was monitored for six weeks of st