Epitranscriptomic RNA modifications in human disease: Cooperative networks, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities

Epitranscriptomic RNA modifications form a dynamic regulatory layer that shapes gene expression and cellular function. While N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) has been extensively studied, other modifications-including m⁵C, m¹A, m³C, m⁷G, and Ψ-play critical roles in RNA folding, stability, translation, and stress responses. Initially, studies focused on each RNA modification individually, but recent evidence has revealed that these modifications oft