Nuclear prostaglandin E synthase 3 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma growth with immunosuppressive macrophage polarization via the SP1/TGF-β axis
Nianfei Wang·Hongzhi Wang·Jiangming Chen·Zixiang Chen·Ruixue Wang·Shan Shen·Jian Qi·Wei Chen·Ming Li·Shanghu Wang·Bin Hong
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by the synchronization of tumor cell proliferation and an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Decoupling these interconnected processes represents a major therapeutic challenge. Although Prostaglandin E Synthase 3 (PTGES3) functions canonically as a cytoplasmic Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) co-chaperone, its non-canonical nuclear role in orchestrating tumor-immune crosstalk remains undefined. Here, we identify PTGES3 as a dual-function regulator co