Hepatic-glycemic Interdependence: the Bidirectional Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes and MASLD and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) frequently coexist and mutually reinforce one another through shared pathological mechanisms, including insulin resistance, disruptions in lipid homeostasis, and chronic low-grade inflammation. MASLD is now recognized as a major comorbid condition in individuals with T2DM and is associated with substantially increased risks of cardiovascular events, progression of hepatic fibrosis, and all-cause