From tablets to targeted therapy: the APHRODITE era in male infertility

Treatment of idiopathic male infertility has traditionally relied on the empirical use of oral agents such as clomiphene citrate and aromatase inhibitors, often prescribed without rigorous endocrine phenotyping. The newly proposed APHRODITE criteria (Addressing male Patients with Hypogonadism and/or infeRtility Owing to altereD, Idiopathic TEsticular function) introduce a biologically rational framework for stratifying infertile men and tailoring hormonal therapy. This opinion article draws a co