Teacher–child relationships in early childhood education and care: Implications for bullying and externalizing and internalizing problems

This study examined associations between teacher-child relationships in early childhood education and care (ECEC) and in Grade 2 with bullying and emotional and behavioral problems in Grade 2, using data from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa; N = 7,478, 50.2% boys). Data were collected between 2011 and 2017, and race and ethnicity data were not collected. In ECEC, conflictual teacher relationships at age 5 were positively correlated with bullying victimization and emotio