Organoids: technology refining, current applications and future directions
Xianda Cheng·Min Wu·Jun Sun·Junyi Wang·Gen Yang·Xiuli Bi·Jianwei Shuai·Liyu Liu·Yan Yang·Xikun Zhou·Ziqi Fang·Ping Lin
Organoids are derived from pluripotent stem cells or tissue stem cells, progenitor cells, or differentiated cells from healthy or diseased tissues (e.g., tumors). Numerous organoid engineering strategies have been tested to support the culture, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of organoids. A variety of organoids and organoid-on-chips have also been constructed to reflect real environments of human and mouse organs. Currently, four major areas of potential application for o