CKAN-ATHP: a predictor for antihypertensive peptides based on sample augmentation and loss improvement strategies using the convolutional Kolmogorov–Arnold network

Antihypertensive peptides (AHTPs) are short-chain peptides derived from food or bioproteins through enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, or chemical synthesis, and they have demonstrated promising blood pressure-lowering effects. These peptides primarily function by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), regulating the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and enhancing nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cells. Owing to their high bioactivity and safety, AHTPs have attracted considera