Research and fabrication of a specialized autonomous robot prototype for paddy rice cultivation

Paddy rice cultivation is facing increasing pressure due to labor shortages, rising input costs, and the need for timely pest and disease monitoring. Autonomous robots integrating artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (AIoT) are considered a promising approach for agricultural automation; however, paddy field conditions characterized by soft muddy terrain, shallow flooding, and highly variable visual environments pose significant challenges to mobility and stable operation. This pap