Feature stabilization in convolutional neural networks using Proportional Integral Controller for lung nodule classification
S. Kalaivani
IntroductionReliable classification of lung nodules from computed tomography (CT) images remains a challenging problem due to variations in image intensity, noise, and unstable feature representations during deep network training. Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved promising results in medical image analysis, their internal feature dynamics are often difficult to control, which can affect convergence stability and generalization, particularly when working with limited cl