Spectral detection of basal stem rot in oil palm plantations using UAV hyperspectral imagery, deep learning segmentation, and machine learning classification: a case study at the sembawa plantation

Detection of Basal Stem Rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense remains difficult in oil palm disease management because spectral and physiological changes in the canopy accompany infection well before palms enter terminal decline. This study developed a pipeline combining UAV‐borne hyperspectral imagery at 5 cm spatial resolution, deep learning-based instance segmentation, machine learning classification, and spatial analysis to discriminate symptomatic BSR‐affected palms from healthy ones at t