Mechanical Performance and Freeze–Thaw Durability of Expansive Clay Stabilized with Graphene Oxide and Fly Ash: A Laboratory Study
Hamidreza Ghaderi Niri
Expansive clay soils are characterized by their high water affinity and significant volume changes, which frequently result in structural issues such as swelling, settlement, and cracking, particularly under freeze–thaw (F–T) conditions. This study investigates a dual-stabilization method using fly ash (FA: 5–15%) and graphene oxide (GO: 0.05–0.15%) to enhance the mechanical strength and durability of such soils. After 28 days of curing, samples underwent 3, 6, and 9 F–T cycles, followed by unco