Atmospheric oxygen constraints on Southern Ocean productivity and drivers of carbon uptake
Ralph F. Keeling
Nature Geoscience, Published online: 21 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41561-026-01944-z Atmospheric oxygen sampling provides improved estimates of Southern Ocean net primary productivity, revealing that many Earth system models underestimate productivity in ways that bias both present-day and future projections of air–sea CO2 exchange.