BackgroundBlood transfusion is a cornerstone of modern healthcare, particularly in maternal and pediatric care. However, it continues to carry a residual risk of transmitting transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs), especially human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Quantifying this residual risk is critical for optimizing transfusion safety, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aimed to estimate the residual risk of HIV, HBV