How Robust Are Country Rankings in Educational Mobility?
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Ely Strömberg, Per Engzell Sociological Science December 11, 2025 10.15195/v12.a36 Abstract We investigate the impact of analytical choices on country comparisons in intergenerational educational mobility using a multiverse approach. A literature survey gives rise to 2,880 plausible ways of measuring educational mobility, which we apply to European Social Survey data from 16 countries. Although some countries consistently appear at the top or bottom of the mobility rankings, most show substantia