Distribution of bladder afferent activity across the sacral roots in sheep shows marked individual variation: implications for neuroprosthesis design

ObjectiveImplantable sacral anterior root stimulators enable bladder emptying after spinal cord injury but do not prevent reflex incontinence. A closed-loop neuroprosthesis that detects and inhibits reflex bladder contractions could address this, but first, reliable detection of bladder fullness from the sacral roots. Further, the distribution of afferent bladder activity between sacral roots, and the relationship between efferent and afferent activity within each root, remains unclear and must