Adaptation and psychometric validation of the DigComp 2.2-based perceptions questionnaire on digital competence among pre-service teachers in Ghana

IntroductionDigital competence is a critical component of 21st-century skills and a key enabler of effective teaching and learning. Despite the widespread use of the DigComp framework for evaluating digital competence, empirical validation of instruments aligned with the updated DigComp 2.2 remains limited, particularly in African teacher education contexts. This study aimed to adapt and validate a DigComp 2.2-based scale for assessing digital competence among pre-service teachers in Ghana.Metho