Shapiro, Daniel ; Jones, Nicholaos ; Stevens, Jennifer Stenger & Mesmer, Bryan: A Probabilistic Semantics for Defeasible Argumentation in Systems Validation

_Ieee Open Journal of Systems Engineering_ 4:1-15. 2026Engineers commonly validate complex systems by considering arguments, pro and con, that a system possesses (or will possess) desired properties, such as safety or high-quality performance. This argumentation is often conducted in service of a decision, such as passing a critical design review or deploying a system for a given task. It can question facts, methods, and inferences, including generalizations from test cases, analogies between ap