3D anatomy of the heart in teaching: differentiating physiological and pathological changes in wild ungulates in central Europe
Jan Cukor
IntroductionAccurate knowledge of the heart's anatomy and its physiological variability in wild ungulates is essential for the correct interpretation of necropsy and imaging findings, veterinary diagnostics, and teaching in fields focused on hunting and wildlife management. One of the most frequently misinterpreted structures is the Os cordis, whose occurrence, morphology, and clinical significance in most species of wild ungulates have not yet been sufficiently studied by modern imaging methods