Liashok, Anatolii: WHAT IS MIND, AND TO WHOM DOES IT BELONG? An Ontological Position and a Working Scale of Manifestations

The emergence of complex artificial intelligence systems in the 2020s has raised a question that had remained unimportant for millennia: can civilisation speak precisely about mind beyond its intuitive usage as a concept? This article proposes a working definition of mind suitable for distinguishing cases — from humans and other biological species to contemporary artificial systems. The definition combines two sides previously conflated: the structural (a six-level scale of manifestations of min