Convective precipitation embedded in stratiform clouds on the northern slope of the central Tianshan Mountains: macro- and microphysical insights from multi-source observations

IntroductionHeavy rainfall in mountainous regions, such as the northern slope of the central Tianshan Mountains, is characterized by high intensity, short duration, and strong locality, often triggering secondary disasters like floods and landslides. While convective clouds are the main contributors to summer precipitation, observations in mountainous areas are scarce. This study addresses the knowledge gap by providing a detailed, multi-sensor analysis of the macro- and microphysical evolution