Enhancing motor skill acquisition and autonomous motivation in university physical education: a randomized controlled trial of a STEAM-integrated approach
Daoqing Zhang
University physical education (PE) is increasingly expected to foster physical literacy by integrating movement competence with cognitive understanding and intrinsic motivation. However, rigorous evidence regarding the effectiveness of interdisciplinary approaches, such as STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics), remains limited in higher education settings. This study designed and evaluated a STEAM-integrated Roliball (RB) curriculum that utilizes smartphone-based kinema