Learning environment, school–enterprise cooperation, and student motivation as predictors of employment competitiveness among undergraduates in application-oriented universities

Employment competitiveness is widely regarded as a key indicator of higher education effectiveness, particularly in application-oriented universities where graduate employability affects institutional reputation and social recognition. Grounded in Situated Cognition Theory, Synergy Theory, Self-Determination Theory, and Human Capital Theory, this study develops an integrated framework to examine how the learning environment, school–enterprise cooperation, and student motivation jointly affect un