Multi-scale GNSS-TEC and GIM investigation of ionospheric perturbations triggered by the 28 March 2025 Myanmar earthquake preceded by geomagnetic storm

This study investigates variability in ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) associated with the 28 March 2025 moment magnitude (Mw) 7.7 Sagaing (Myanmar) earthquake within the low-latitude environment of Southeast Asia. A primary challenge in this region is identifying seismogenic perturbations during the residual recovery phase of two successive geomagnetic storms (25–26 March), which produced large-scale TEC fluctuations of ±35 TEC units (TECU). To isolate potential seismic signatures, we