Creativity Vs Compassion: Ethical And Legal Challenges In The Use Of Animals In Film And Television
IJLLR Journal
Muskan Sangwan, Queen Mary University of London ABSTRACT This paper examines the ethical and legal tensions in using animals in film and television, pitting creative demands against welfare imperatives. It critiques historical exploitation, like the deaths in Ben-Hur (1925), current U.S. AHA certifications' flaws, and EU Directive 2010/63/EU inconsistencies, drawing on utilitarian, rights-based, and spectacle theories. Recommendations include mandatory audits, international standards, and CGI...