Grass is not always greener: enablers and barriers of non-native species governance and management in Antarctica

Increasing human activity and climate change in Antarctica may increase the rates of non-native species introduction and establishment, resulting in potentially irreversible changes in marine and terrestrial ecological communities. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty prohibits the introduction of non-native species without a permit and mandates their removal if introduced. Despite this, management action to address non-native species introductions may be slow, in par