Nature Electronics, Published online: 26 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41928-026-01641-0 By combining a 0.5-μm industrial fabrication process and a back-end-of-line academia laboratory process, as well as using a multi-level co-optimization methodology, a molybdenum disulfide computer can be fabricated that comprises 1,433 transistors interconnected by four metal layers.