A study on the dual-layer energy storage configuration in photovoltaic distribution networks considering voltage-loss synergy optimisation
Longfei Hao
To address the challenges of voltage deviation and increased network losses arising from the high integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in distribution networks, this paper proposes a bi-level optimisation model for configuring distributed energy storage systems (ESS) tailored to high-penetration PV distribution networks. In the proposed model, the upper-level operational layer minimises voltage deviation and network losses to improve voltage quality and reduce power losses, while the lower-l