This article discusses the development of socialist ideas in the early Philippine labor movement through the work of Hermenegildo Cruz, a labor leader who propagated socialist ideas through the Balangay ng mga Tipografo, its newspaper Balagtas, and the workers’ school he cofounded with Lope K. Santos. I conclude that the development of Cruz’s socialism reflected the organized Filipino workers’ bu…
This article examines the politics of labor and space at the Port of Manila during early American colonial rule. During this period, Manila Bay and the riverfront wharves along the Pasig River bustled with commercial activity. The colonial archive reveals how the new regime sought to ensure the smooth flow of cargo by managing waterfront space and labor. Yet, the article simultaneously reads a dr…
