fluid-flow-and-transfer-processes

This is a thought experiment purely in terms of raw energy. Any real attempt to replicate this would almost certainly result in enough losses to massively drop efficiency, but the fact that it seems ...

Abstract Composite laminates are widely used in structural applications due to their high stiffness-to-weight ratio and tailoring capability; however, their durability is often limited by interlaminar crack growth. Under Mode I loading, the strain-energy release rate governs delamination resistance and is influenced by both interfacial fiber orientation and the curing condition of the polymer mat…

The standard thermodynamic interpretation of black holes assigns temperature, entropy, and thermal radiation to the event horizon. All three concepts presuppose the ability to measure energy. We argue that this prerequisite fails at the horizon: proper time for stationary observers vanishes exactly at any Killing horizon—a coordinate-invariant consequence of classical general relativity—and energ…

Time is not merely a segmented construct of human consciousness, but an irreversible, one-directional flow generated by physical laws. We exist as continuous beings drifting within this vast stream. Past events are not “stored” somewhere; they are embedded in the flow, continuously shaping the structure of our present selves. This paper explores the Arrow of Time — the fundamental reason time onl…

Abstract Understanding modal parameters is essential for analyzing the vibrational behavior of structures. This study examines the impact of temperature variations and delamination characteristics (damage position and length) on the modal properties of composite sandwich beams. Experimental modal analysis was conducted in a temperature-controlled environment ranging from − 40 °C to 80 °C. Results…

Abstract This study models and analyzes the thermomechanical vibration behavior of doubly curved sandwich shallow shells using a novel high-order sinusoidal shear stress theorem. The equations of motion are derived from Hamilton's principle and solved with the Navier method. The doubly curved sandwich shell comprises a functionally graded core layer and a hybrid surface layer made of metal and ce…

Abstract This study investigates the liquid-phase deposition (LPD) of carbonaceous tribopolymeric films from cyclopropane-carboxylic acid (CPCa), an additive dissolved in polyalphaolefins, under boundary-lubricated sliding conditions. In this approach, the lubricant acts as a carrier for a reactive chemical precursor, while the sliding contact functions as a tribochemical reactor that drives in-s…

Abstract Excavation-induced stress-release governs the mechanical response of geomaterials and may influence ground deformation and foundation performance beneath excavation bases. Although the concept of normal consolidation is commonly associated with soils, stress-states governed primarily by present overburden conditions may also occur in transitional rock and rock masses. This study presents…