Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Abstract The Sinemurian to Pliensbachian limestone–marlstone succession exposed in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians) forms part of a widespread, rhythmically bedded hemipelagic carbonate facies that developed along the north-western Tethyan margin. Such deposits are typical of marginal basins and are of particular interest due to their complex origin and well-developed cyclicity. The bulk…

Abstract In this study, the blast-wave formation and mushroom-cloud development associated with the Nagasaki atomic bombing were numerically investigated to construct initial conditions for subsequent meteorological simulations of “black rain.” To evaluate the three-dimensional transport of hazardous materials within the cloud, two distinct material tracers were treated as passive scalars in an E…

Abstract Hydropower plays a critical role in mitigating climate change by providing a renewable energy source, yet it entails significant trade-offs that impact ecological, social, and economic systems. As hydropower development intensifies in the Mekong River Basin (MRB), where only 3% of hydropower potential is currently utilized, plans aim to double output. A comprehensive understanding of the…

Abstract Understanding the rheology of the Earth’s lower mantle is essential for modelling mantle convection and its consequences for the geodynamical, thermal and chemical evolution of the planet. However, the extreme pressure–temperature conditions, the long natural timescales, and the complexity of deep-mantle mineralogy make it difficult to constrain mantle viscosity from experiments alone. I…

Abstract In 2022, a “gold folding screen” (red copper leaf: copper alloy leaf containing zinc, also called Western gold leaf), which had traces of the "Black Rain" on a metal surface due to atomic bombing in August 1945, was donated to Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. With the cooperation of the museum, we collected and analyzed these traces. Although no radioactive particles nor anthropogenic ra…

Abstract This study investigated interdecadal and multidecadal variations in summer (June–August) precipitation in Siberia during 1901–2020 to clarify how low-frequency variability contributes to long-term precipitation changes. Two dominant timescales were identified: a 20–40-year interdecadal mode and a 45–90-year multidecadal mode. The 20–40-year mode is characterized by a north–south dipole p…

Abstract A deep learning-based post-processing (PP) system was developed to improve the predictive skill for ozone and particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM 2.5 ) forecasts in the Visual atmospheric Environment Utility System (VENUS) operational air quality forecasting system in Japan. The PP system uses a deep neural network trained on paired Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)/…

Abstract Ocean acidification (OA) is a major component of ongoing global environmental change, yet its biological impacts on open-ocean calcifiers remain insufficiently quantified. Here, we investigate seasonal variability in the individual test density of the planktic foraminifer Globigerina bulloides in the western North Pacific. Test density was determined using high-resolution microfocus X-ra…

Abstract The ratio of P-wave to S-wave velocity (Vp/Vs) is a key indicator of subsurface fluid pressure and rock properties. However, its spatial distribution in offshore regions has been poorly constrained because of difficulties in resolving shallow seismic velocity structures, particularly Vs structures. Recent advances in distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) enable dense seismic observations ev…

Abstract X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanners have advantages in nondestructive measurements of the elemental compositions of sediment cores with high stratigraphic resolution. To estimate elemental flux using sediment compositions measured by the XRF core scanner, total mass flux must be precisely calculated using the dry bulk density (DBD) and linear sedimentation rate records. In this study,…

Abstract Evaluating the hydraulic properties of fractured rock masses in the subsurface is crucial for geoengineering applications and mitigating geohazards. Understanding these properties around faults is particularly important due to their impact on fluid behavior. Various methods have been developed to evaluate formation permeability, including in situ tests on boreholes, laboratory tests on r…

Abstract Brachiopod shells have been widely used as paleoenvironmental recorders because of their robust preservation in fossil records. However, accurately reconstructing past seawater temperatures from their oxygen (δ 18 O) and clumped isotope compositions requires identifying shells/shell portions that are minimally affected by kinetic isotope effects (KIE) and diagenetic alteration. This stud…

Abstract The Nankai Trough, offshore of Southwest Japan, represents a plate subduction zone where a long history of devastating mega-earthquake and tsunami events has been best documented. Because of this societal relevance, the area has been extensively studied and monitored for several decades. Among the Nankai Trough region, the Eastern Nankai Trough and the Enshu Forearc Basin remain a focal …

Abstract Stable isotope analysis is useful in elucidating the flow of elements among organisms and environments. Understanding the movement of organisms is important for the conservation of ecosystems, and radiogenic strontium stable isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) are used as a tool to elucidate the relationship between fish and their habitat water and to investigate the movements and habitat ranges …

Abstract Symbiotic relationships of microorganisms including eukaryotic algae and prokaryotes affect holobiont nitrogen metabolism and provide survival advantages in extreme environments; however, the influences of different symbionts on nitrogen metabolism in host organisms remain unclear. By tracing the nitrogen isotopic composition (δ 15 N) of amino acids (AAs), it is possible to constrain the…

Abstract Salt marshes, which sustain high productivity, serve as essential living environments for a wide range of organisms. The aquatic food web in salt marshes is basically supported by the high primary production of aquatic algae within the intertidal zone and the organic matter contributed from the terrestrial ecosystems, including the adjacent supratidal zone. As salt marshes facilitate the…

Abstract This study investigates the coseismic displacement field caused by the Mw 7.7 earthquake that struck Myanmar on March 28, 2025, along a segment of the Sagaing Fault, a well-known, right-lateral strike-slip fault. To such a purpose, a combination of satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based techniques, specifically Pixel Offset Tracking (POT), Multiple Aperture Interferometry (MAI), …

Abstract We combined a regional aeromagnetic survey with an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV; drone)-based magnetic survey to map low-magnetization zones associated with intensive hydrothermal activity on the western flank of the central cones of Aso Volcano, Kyushu, Japan. Three-dimensional (3D) magnetic inversion of regional helicopter-borne data shows that the major fumarole and hot-spring areas: …

Abstract Stokes drift associated with surface waves induces mass transport, which interacts with ocean currents to modify dynamics from situations without waves. The effect of Stokes drift can be parameterized through “Stokes forcing” terms derived from wave–current interaction theory, and an increasing number of regional and global ocean models incorporate these terms to represent wave effects o…