A Comprehensive Survey on Automated Glaucoma Detection Using Image Processing and Machine Learning Techniques

Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy that causes irreversible vision loss and is considered one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Early diagnosis of glaucoma is essential to prevent permanent damage to the optic nerve and preserve visual function. However, manual examination of retinal fundus images is time-consuming, subjective, and highly dependent on expert ophthalmologists. Consequently, automated glaucoma detection systems based on image processing, machine learning, and d