Ensemble-based estimation of fractional vegetation cover in arid and semi-arid regions

Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) is a key biophysical parameter for characterizing vegetation dynamics and ecosystem functioning, and is essential for ecological monitoring in arid and semi-arid regions. However, sparse vegetation and strong soil background effects in these regions lead to substantial variability in the applicability and stability of different inversion models, thereby limiting further improvements in FVC estimation accuracy. To address these challenges, this study applied thre