Shao-Ma-Zhi-Jing granules alleviate Tourette Syndrome by modulating the cAMP/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway, T cell differentiation, microglia, and gut microbiota

Introduction Shao-Ma-Zhi-Jing Granules (SMZJ) is clinically used for Tourette syndrome (TS). This study aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of SMZJ on the immune system and gut microbiota of the 3,3’-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN)-induced TS rat model. Methods Immune-related indicators were detected by flow cytometry, western blotting, ELISA and qRT-PCR. Gut microbiota composition was analyzed via 16S rDNA sequencing, and Spearman analysis was performed to assess the correlation between gut