Long-term survival after lung transplantation remains poor compared with other solid organ transplants, with a five-year survival rate of only 54%. This limited survival is largely attributable to the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), also referred to as chronic lung rejection, which affects approximately 50% of patients within five years after transplantation. CLAD comprises of two main subtypes: bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), characterized by an obstructive de
