Examining the relationship between problematic social media use and caffeine use disorder in the context of physical activity: a cross-sectional moderation study among university students

Introduction Problematic social media use (PSMU) and caffeine use disorder (CUD), a behavioral pattern without formal diagnostic status and a DSM-5 condition listed for further study, respectively, share phenomenological features (tolerance, withdrawal, compulsive engagement) that make their statistical co-occurrence among young adults theoretically plausible and warrant joint empirical examination. Yet the potential moderating role of lifestyle factors such as physical activity remains largely