GrpE-like 1-engineered synovial mesenchymal stromal cell exosomes: Mechanistic and translational priorities in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) remains a highly prevalent degenerative joint disorder for which truly disease-modifying therapies are still lacking. Accumulating evidence positions mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired mitochondrial quality control as central drivers of chondrocyte failure, extracellular matrix breakdown, and inflammation amplification. Mitophagy—particularly the phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin axis—has therefore emerged as an attractive, mechanistically gro