Cell-cell fusion and stem cell plasticity: Emerging paradigms in tissue regeneration

Cell-cell fusion is a fundamental biological process contributing to tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Physiological fusion in the placenta, skeletal muscle, bone, and immune system is mediated by tightly regulated fusogens and microenvironmental cues. Dysregulated fusion, however, can lead to pathological outcomes, including malignant cell hybrids and viral syncytia. Stem cell-somatic cell fusion represents both a therapeutic opportunity and a safety concern, as fusion-derived