Isolation and proteomic profiling of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: Unlocking new frontiers in regenerative and translational medicine

BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles that range between 30-150 nanometers in size and are made of two phospholipid bilayers. The EVs play an important role in cell-to-cell communication to perform functional roles in regeneration. Despite the therapeutic prospects for their use in clinical settings, the use of EVs in standard daily clinical practice is limited, which is due to limited information about their cargo. Even though there are no universally accepted “standardize