Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi regulate polyamine metabolism and antioxidant activity of Sorghum halepense grown in uranium-contaminated soils

Abstract Background Uranium (U) contamination poses a serious threat to ecosystems. Phytoremediation offers an eco-friendly solution but is often limited by metal toxicity in plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance plant tolerance and improve phytoremediation efficiency, while their specific interaction with polyamine (PA) metabolism under U stress remains unclear. This study investigates how AMF inoculation influences PA metabolism, antioxidant activity, and U uptake in Sorghum h