Multi-Physics Modeling of Aircraft Hybrid Propulsion Systems Integrating Batteries, SOFC, and Jet Engine

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents a multi-physics modeling approach for a hybrid propulsion system designed for High-Altitude Long-Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (HALE UAVs), integrating solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), lithium-ion batteries, and a jet engine. A dynamic model was developed to analyze the coupled characteristics of pressure, temperature, and power under steady-state conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the