A multidimensional follicular profile integrating oxidative stress, apoptosis and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in relation to oocyte developmental competence in in vitro fertilization cycles

Abstract Purpose Accurate assessment of oocyte developmental competence remains challenging in IVF, as morphology alone offers limited insight into intrinsic oocyte quality. Emerging evidence indicates that oocyte competence reflects coordinated regulation of the follicular microenvironment rather than a single biomarker. This study aimed to evaluate a multidimensional follicular marker panel integrating oxidative stress parameters, hormonal environment, granulosa cell apoptosis, chromatin integ