Outdoor Physical Activity as a Confounder for Vitamin D Status: A Scoping Review

This scoping review sought to assess the evidence base for physical activity (PA) as a potential confounder of vitamin D (vitD) status in health outcomes. Correlations between vitD and health/disease are well-documented. However, this does not always translate in vitD supplementation studies. We hypothesize that these observed relationships may be confounded by PA, especially outdoor PA, which contributes to both sun exposure and cardiorespiratory fitness. We conducted a scoping review utilizing