Removal of forever chemicals (PFAS) using novel electrocoagulation approaches integrated with renewable energy sources as a green and cutting-edge technology: mechanisms, key parameters, challenges, and opportunities

Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are recognized as “forever chemicals” highly stable compounds that exhibit remarkable resistance to conventional biological and physicochemical degradation processes, thereby posing a persistent threat to aquatic ecosystems and public health. In recent years, electrocoagulation (EC) has emerged as a promising technology for PFAS removal, leveraging multifaceted mechanisms that include the in-situ formation of metal hydroxide flocs, electroflot