Bovine oviductal and uterine extracellular vesicles enhance blastocyst development in confined individual embryo culture
Angela Travaglione·Roberto Gualtieri·Karina Cañón-Beltrán·María Iniesta-Cuerda·Dimitrios Rizos·Andrea Candela·M.C. Cimmino·Yulia N. Cajas·Ana Josefa Soler·Vincenza De Gregorio·Riccardo Talevi·Vincenzo Genovese
Abstract Purpose In vitro -produced embryos exhibit reduced developmental competence compared to their in vivo -derived counterparts due to the inability to accurately replicate the complex milieu of the maternal reproductive tract. A key aspect in vivo is the confinement of embryos in small volumes of oviductal and uterine fluids, where maternal extracellular vesicles (EVs) deliver their cargos into developing embryos, influencing their competence. The main aim of this study was to investigate