Rosemary essential oil nanoparticles enhance antimicrobial activity and induce bacterial DNA disruption

Abstract The current work aimed to formulate Rosemary essential oil nanoparticles (Ros-ES-NPs) and evaluate their antimicrobial effect in comparison with free oil (Ros- ES). Physicochemical characterization was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, transmission electron microscop y (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The cytotoxic activity of Ros-ES-NPs on human lung fibrobla